Agronomic assessment of 32 sour passionfruit genotypes in federal district

The production of passion fruit is important in Brazil. In order to contribute to the development of the most promising cultivars of passion fruit, this study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of 32 genotypes of passion fruit in Federal District of Brazil, and to estimate genetic parameters for use in breeding programs. Thirty-two genotypes were used in a randomized block design, with eight plants per plot and four replications. The experiment was conducted in field. Twenty-eight harvests were performed, and the variables analyzed were: productivity estimated, total number of fruits per hectare, average fruit weight and these characteristics following classification of fruits in five categories. The genotypes that presented the highest total yield estimated were MAR20 # 23, AR 01 and PLANTA 7. For industrial purposes, genotypes MAR 20 # 21 and BRS Gigante Amarelo were superior. For fresh consumption, the genotypes with the best performance were PLANT 7, AR 01 and MSC. Total productivity estimated and total number of fruits per hectare in the first-class classification showed high values of heritability and CVg/CVe ratio. These results indicate a favorable condition for selection.

Efeito do extrato das folhas da Passiflora edulis na cicatrização da pele em ratos / Efecto del extracto de hoja de Passiflora edulis en la cicatrización de la piel en ratas / Effect of Passiflora edulis leaf extract on skin healing in rats

Objetivo: avaliar o efeito do extrato das folhas da Passiflora edulis na cicatrização da pele em ratos, especificamente na área da lesão e na proliferação de fibroblastos. Materiais e método: estudo experimental realizado com 54 ratos da linhagem Wistar, machos, adultos, divididos igualmente em três grupos. A indução das lesões em formato circular na região dorso-cervical foi realizada com o auxílio de um punch trepano de 8 mm. As lesões do grupo de controle foram higienizadas diariamente com água filtrada e sabonete vegetal glicerinado de pH neutro. Os outros dois grupos, além da higienização diária, receberam tratamento com creme contendo extrato a 20 % das folhas da Passiflora edulis, e creme base sem extrato a 20 % das folhas da Passiflora edulis, respectivamente. No 1o, 4o, 7o e 14o dia de tratamento foram obtidas imagens para cálculo da área de lesão. No 4o, 7o e 14o dia de tratamento foram coletados espécimes para análises histológicas. Resultados: não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos experimentais com relação à comparação de médias da área de lesão e de proliferação de fibroblastos. Conclusões: o uso tópico do extrato a 20 % das folhas da Passiflora edulis não apresentou efeito na área de lesão e na proliferação de fibroblastos na cicatrização da pele em ratos.

Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del extracto de hoja de Passiflora edulis en la curación de la piel en ratas, específicamente el área de la lesión y de la proliferación de fibroblastos. Materiales y método: estudio experimental con 54 ratas Wistar macho adultas, divididas por igual en tres grupos. La inducción de lesiones de forma circular en la región dorsocervical se realizó con la ayuda de un punzón de 8 mm. Las lesiones del grupo de control se limpiaron diariamente con agua filtrada y jabón vegetal glicerinado con pH neutro. Los otros dos grupos, además de la limpieza diaria, recibieron tratamiento con crema que contenía extracto al 20 % de las hojas de Passiflora edulis, y crema base sin extracto al 20 % de las hojas de Passiflora edulis, respectivamente. Los días 1, 4, 7 y 14 de tratamiento, se obtuvieron imágenes para calcular el área de la lesión. Los días 4, 7 y 14 de tratamiento, se recolectaron muestras para análisis histológicos. Resultados: no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos experimentales con respecto a la comparación de las medias del área de la lesión y la proliferación de fibroblastos. Conclusiones: el uso tópico del extracto al 20 % de las hojas de Passiflora edulis no tuvo efecto en el área de la lesión y de la proliferación de fibroblastos en la curación de la piel en ratas.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of Passiflora edulis leaf extract on skin healing in rats, specially the lesion area and on fibroblast proliferation. Materials and method: Experimental study with 54 male adult Wistar rats equally divided into three groups. The induction of circular-shaped lesions in the dorso cervical region was performed with the aid of an 8 mm climbing punch. Control group lesions were daily cleaned with filtered water and neutral pH glycerinated vegetable soap. The other two groups, in addition to daily cleansing, received treatment with cream containing 20 % extract of Passiflora edulis leaves and base cream without this extract, respectively. On day 1, 4, 7 and 14 of treatment, images were obtained to calculate the lesion area. On day 4, 7 and 14 of treatment, specimens were collected for histological analysis. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between the experimental groups regarding the comparison of means of lesion area and fibroblast proliferation. Conclusion: Topical use of the 20 % extract of Passiflora edulis leaves had no effect on the affected area and the proliferation of fibroblasts on skin healing in rats.

Assessment of resistance of hybrids and lineages of passion fruit to bacteriosis under protected cultivation / Avaliação da resistência de híbridos e linhagens de maracujazeiro à bacteriose sob cultivo protegido

Yield and longevity of yellow passion fruit have been reduced by diseases such as the bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae. Genetic resistance has been confirmed as the most efficient and economical correct option to minimize this disease problem. Aiming at it, the objective of this research was to evaluate the incidence, severity and progression of the disease in 12 genotypes of sour passion fruit, in seedling stage in nursery greenhouse after inoculation of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae. The inoculation was performed with an isolate collected in the Pipiripau Rural Nucleus, Brasilia-DF, named UnB-1397 (1x106 CFU/mL), through induction of injuries. There were performed four assessments, with interval of 7 days except the first which was performed 11 days after inoculation. The incidence was estimated by the percentage of plants affected. To evaluate the severity, it was used the diagrammatic scale validated by Costa et al. (2018), with adaptations, using the measurement of the affected area by necrotic lesions on the leaf. All genotypes were susceptible to bacteriosis, 5 being considered moderately susceptible: F1BRS Pérola do Cerrado x Rosa Intenso, Mar20#21, Mar20#15b, Mar20#24xMar20#40 and FB200PL4R2 x Mar20#2005, with a mean of severity ranging from 11 to 25% of injured area in leaves.

A produtividade e a longevidade dos pomares de maracujazeiro-azedo têm sido comprometidas em razão de doenças como a bacteriose, causada por Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae. A resistência genética tem se confirmado como a opção mais eficiente e econômica para minimizar tal problema. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a reação de 12 genótipos de maracujazeiro, em fase de mudas, sob cultivo protegido, à Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae. A inoculação com isolado denominado UnB-1397 (1x106 CFU/mL),coletado no Núcleo Rural de Pipiripau, Brasília-DF, se deu pela indução de ferimentos. Foram realizadas 4 avaliações, com intervalo de 7 dias, sendo a primeira avaliação realizada 11 dias após a inoculação. A incidência foi estimada pela porcentagem de plantas afetadas. Para avaliação da severidade, foi utilizada escala diagramática validada por Costa et al. (2018), com adaptações, utilizando-se a mensuração da área foliar atingida por lesões nas folhas. Todos os genótipos se mostraram suscetíveis à bacteriose, sendo 5 considerados moderadamente suscetíveis: F1 BRS Pérola do Cerrado x Rosa Intenso, Mar20#21, Mar20#15b, Mar20#24 x Mar20#40 e FB200PL4R2 x Mar20#2005, apresentando uma média de severidade que variou de 11 a 25% de área ou tecidos foliares lesionados.

Obtención de un colorante a partir de corteza de maracuyá con el uso de técnicas convencionales de extracción / Obtaining a dye from passion fruit cortex with the use of conventional extraction techniques

RESUMEN El maracuyá es un fruto tropical que se cultiva primordialmente para la obtención de pulpa, siendo la corteza su principal subproducto que carece, en la actualidad, de interés industrial; sin embargo, con el fin de diversificar los derivados provenientes de la producción de maracuyá, se ha demostrado que la corteza contiene carotenoides, dentro de los que se destaca el β-caroteno y la luteína, que podrían ser utilizados en alimentos, debido a su poder antioxidante e, incluso, como colorante natural alternativo. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener un extracto rico en carotenoides a partir de su corteza; para ello, se evaluó la extracción con etanol, mediante tres técnicas: inmersión, baño termostático y soxhlet. El mayor rendimiento, se obtuvo con el método soxhlet; para esta técnica, se estudió el efecto de la concentración de etanol (entre 80% y 90% v/v), la proporción solvente-materia prima (con relaciones entre 40:1 y 50:1) y el tiempo (definido entre 90 y 150 minutos). Los resultados, se analizaron mediante modelo de superficie de respuesta, obteniendo el mayor rendimiento con etanol al 90%, utilizando 50mL/g corteza y 150 minutos de operación. A estas condiciones, el rendimiento de extracción fue de 2208,53µg β-caroteno/100g muestra. Por último, se determinó la diferencia de color entre el extracto óptimo y una solución de tartrazina, evidenciando una diferencia de color de 3,07 unidades cieLAB, lo cual, muestra que el producto de lixiviación de la corteza de maracuyá tiene potencial para su uso como aditivo alimentario, reemplazando colorantes sintéticos, como la tartrazina.

ABSTRACT Passion fruit is a tropical fruit that is usually cultivated to obtain pulp, being the cortex its main not exploited by-product, because of the actual absence of industrial interest. However, with the aim of diversifying the derivates from the production of passion fruit products, it has been demonstrated that the cortex contains carotenoids, such as β-carotene and lutein; which could be used in food due to its antioxidant capacity, or even like a food colorant. Therefore, the objective of this work was to obtain a carotenoid-rich extract from its cortex; for this, three techniques of extraction with ethanol were evaluated, by immersion, thermostatic bath and Soxhlet. Being the last technique that one with which the best yield was obtained. With the highest yield technique, the following factors were evaluated: ethanol concentration on 80% and 90% v/v, solvent-raw material ratio on 40:1 and 50:1 and time on 90 and 150min. The best yield was obtaining to 90% ethanol, 50mL solvent/g raw material and 150min, for an extraction yield of 2208.53µg β-caroten/100 g sample. Finally, the color difference between the optimal extract and a tartrazine solution was determined, evidencing a color difference of 3.07cieLAB units; this shows that the passion fruit leaching product has the potential to be used as a food additive, replacing synthetic dyes such as tartrazine.

Effects of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Passiflora edulis on Anxiety Induced by Sub-acute Immobilization Stress

Aims:This study was carried out to assess the anxiolytic effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of P. edulis.Place and Duration of Study:Animal Physiology Laboratory of the Higher Teachers’ Training College, Animal Physiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Sciences , University of Yaoundé I, from November 2017 toAugust 2018.Methodology: Anxiety was induced to mice by thesub-acute immobilization stress. After 11 days treatment, behavioural parameters were assessed using Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) and Open Field (OF), then biochemical parameters (MDA, GSH, SOD, catalase, GABA, GABA-T and 5-HT) were estimated.Results:The results show that treatment with P. edulisat doses 100 and 200 mg/kg significantly increased open arms entries and time, while reducing closed arms entries and time in the EPM test. Lines crossed as well as passages through the centre and the centre time were significantly increased in the OF test. It is suggested that P.edulis would protect against anxiety and this effect probably linked to its ability to fight oxidative stress and counteract hyperexcitability by potentiating the GABA action. The more effective dose, 100 mg/kg significantly (P<0.01) increased to 4.44 ± 0.24 μmol/g the activity of GSH. In mice treated with dose 100 mg/kg, the extract induced a significant decrease of three oxidative stress markers including MDA, catalase and SOD to0.22 ± 0.01 μmol/g, 1.05± 0.15 mmolH2O2/min/g; and 19.46±0.00 unit/min/mg respectively when compared to the negative control. Animals treated with P. edulis100mg/kg presented a significantincrease level (P<0.001) of GABA and 5-HT up to 4.62 ± 0.28 and μg/g and 31.47 ± 1.58 ng/ml respectively. GABA-T activity was also impacted by the treatment with P. edulis, since the value of GABA-T activity of 1.27 ± 0.10 in the negative control significantly (P<0.001) decreased to 0.37± 0.00 in the group treated with dose 100 mg/kg. Conclusion:The beneficial effects of this extract observed in this study justify the empirical use of P. edulisin the treatment of head ache and insomnia

Standard area diagram set for scab quantification in trilobed leaves of the sour passion fruit / Escala diagramática para a quantificação da verrugose em folhas trilobadas do maracujazeiro azedo

ABSTRACT: The study aimed to develop and validate a standard area diagram set (SADs) to improve accuracy, precision, and reproducibility in the assessment of scab severity in trilobed leaves of the sour passion fruit. The SADs comprised six severity levels (1%; 3%; 6%; 11%; 21%; and 33%). The SADs increased the accuracy of the estimates by reducing the constant and systematic errors, and the tendency to overestimate the actual severity, limited the number of evaluators who presented this trend, in addition to increasing the bias correction factor. The inexperienced evaluators were the ones that benefited the most from the SADs use. Once the SADs was introduced, 80% and 100% evaluators gave estimates free from constant and systematic errors, respectively. The improvement in precision was verified by the increase in the coefficient of determination and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, by reducing absolute errors and increasing the reproducibility of the estimates.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar uma escala diagramática para melhorar a acurácia, precisão e reprodutibilidade na avaliação da severidade da verrugose em folhas trilobadas do maracujazeiro azedo. A escala apresentou seis níveis de severidade (1; 3; 6; 11; 21 e 33%) e aumentou a acurácia das estimativas, reduzindo os erros constantes e sistemáticos, a tendência de superestimação em relação aos valores de severidade real e o número de avaliadores que apresentavam essa tendência, além de aumentar o fator de correção do desvio. Os avaliadores inexperientes foram os mais beneficiados pela utilização da escala, sendo que 80% e 100% destes avaliadores apresentaram estimativas livres de erros constantes e sistemáticos, respectivamente, quando a escala foi empregada. O aumento da precisão foi verificado pelo incremento dos coeficientes de determinação e de concordância de Lin, redução dos erros absolutos e aumento da reprodutibilidade das estimativas.

Bioprospection and molecular phylogeny of culturable endophytic fungi associated with yellow passion fruit

Endophytic microorganisms live inside the plants without causing any damage to their hosts. In the agricultural field, these endophytes might be a strategy of biological control for phytopathogens. We aimed to isolate endophytic fungifrom yellowpassion fruit (Passiflora edulis) leaves, evaluating its biocontrol capacity by in vitroantagonism against phytopathogen Colletotrichum sp. CNPU378. We also carried out greenhouse experiments in bean seedlings. A high colonization frequency was obtained (89%), and the molecular identification based on DNA sequencing attested Colletotrichumas the most frequent genus and minor occurrence of Curvulariaendophytes. The endophytes tested showed different types of competitive interactions in in vitro antagonism inhibition rate ranging from 28.8 to 48.8%. There were 10 promising antagonists tested for their antagonist activity of crude extracts of secondary metabolites, in which strain PE-36 (20.8%) stood out among the other strains evaluated. In the greenhouse assay, plants inoculated only with endophyte Colletotrichumsp. PE-36 was symptomless and suggest that the endophyte strengthened the growth promotion in common bean plants, especially in the root length and number of leaves when compared to control plantsand other treatments. Despite many fungiof Colletotrichumgenus being described as causative agents of anthracnose, in this study, the plant sampled was colonized predominantly by Colletotrichumendophytes living in asymptomatic relationship. By the way,we come across a Colletotrichumsp. endophyte able to antagonize a Colletotrichumsp. pathogen

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) leaf extract modulates the oxidative metabolism of rat peritoneal neutrophils in a model of inflammation

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of extracts of Passiflora edulis Sims leaves on the oxidative metabolism of rat peritoneal neutrophils using a model of acute inflammation. The extract was obtained by maceration in 70% ethanol, evaporation under reduced pressure and lyophilisation. Total phenolic content (TP) was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The P. edulis extract, in different doses, was administered by gavage 1 h prior to inflammation induction by carrageenan (8 mg/kg, i.p.); five hours later, the neutrophils were obtained by intraperitoneal lavage. The tests performed in neutrophils were cytochrome C and chemiluminescence assay as well as myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities. The administration of the extract reduced the number of neutrophils recruited to the site of inflammation; however, the extract did not alter the activity of NADPH oxidase as well as SOD activity in these cells. The MPO and CAT activities in peritoneal neutrophils of rat treated with extract was lower than in the control group, and the GPx activity was increased. Based on the experimental model utilised, the anti-inflammatory potential of P. edulis leaf extract could be related to the presence of phenolic compounds in the extract.

Development and validation of a standard area diagram set as assessment aid for estimating the severity of bacterial spot on tri-lobed leaves of yellow passion fruit / Desenvolvimento e validação de escala diagramática como auxílio na avaliação da severidade da bacteriose em folhas trilobadas do maracujazeiro azedo

Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae) significantly reduces yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) yield and longevity. A standard area diagram set (SADs) for severity assessment of bacterial spot on tri-lobed leaves of yellow passion was developed and validated in this study. The SADs consisted of eight severity levels (2; 4; 9; 18; 35; 58; 80; and 94%). For its validation, 20 raters, who initially estimated the disease severity without the aid of the SADs, were divided into four groups (G1 and G3, inexperienced; G2 and G4, experienced). Subsequently, G1 and G2 performed the second evaluation without the SADs, and G3 and G4 completed the second evaluation with the proposed SADs. The accuracy and precision of the assessments were determined by simple linear regression and by the Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (LCCC). The proposed SADs allowed accurate and precise quantification of bacterial spot severity, increasing the agreement between estimated and actual values. Inexperienced raters benefited the most from the use of the SADs. The increase in accuracy and precision in the non-aided groups, when present, was less pronounced than those increments observed in the SADs-aided groups. The LCCC confirmed the increases in accuracy and precision detected by the linear regression analysis.

A bacteriose (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae) reduz significativamente a produção e longevidade do maracujazeiro azedo (Passiflora edulis Sims). Uma escala diagramática para a avaliação da severidade da bacteriose em folhas trilobadas do maracujazeiro azedo foi desenvolvida e validada neste estudo. A escala diagramática apresentou oito níveis de severidade (2; 4; 9; 18; 35; 58; 80 e 94%). Para a sua validação, os 20 avaliadores foram divididos em quatro grupos (G1 e G3, sem experiência; G2 e G4, com experiência), que inicialmente estimaram a severidade da doença sem auxílio da escala. Posteriormente, G1 e G2 fizeram outra avaliação sem escala, e G3 e G4 realizaram a avaliação com a escala proposta. A acurácia e a precisão das estimativas foram determinadas por regressão linear simples e pelo coeficiente de correlação de concordância de Lin (LCCC). A escala diagramática proposta permitiu quantificar a severidade da bacteriose de forma acurada e precisa, aumentando a concordância entre os valores estimados e os reais. Os avaliadores inexperientes foram os mais beneficiados pelo uso da escala. O aumento da acurácia e precisão nos grupos que realizaram dupla avaliação sem escala, quando ocorreu, foi mais discreto que os incrementos observados nos grupos que utilizaram a escala. O LCCC confirmou os incrementos da acurácia e precisão detectados pela análise de regressão linear.

Methods of aril removal and lightness conditions on seeds physiological quality of sour passion fruits / Métodos de remoção do arilo e condições de luminosidade sobre a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de maracujá azedo

Abstract Passion fruits species presents a larger economic importance for in natura consumption and industry. The main way to propagate these species is by seeds; however, the aril presence and environmental conditions may inhibit the seeds germination. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of aril removal methods and light conditions on P. edulis var. flavicarpa seeds quality and germination. There were used five methods to remove the seeds aril: (1) friction on steel mesh sieve for 5 minutes; (2) friction with coarse sand on steel mesh sieve for 5 minutes; (3) immersion in lime solution at 10% (w/v), for 30 minutes; (4) fermentation in sugar solution at 10% (w/v), during 48 hours; and (5) natural pulp fermentation, during five days. The seeds were submitted to germination test at darkness and lightness, as well as, to length seedlings and emergence test. Regardless the aril removal method, the germination percentage was lower at lightness than darkness highlighting the natural pulp fermentation treatment, which presented 86% of seeds germinated. On the other hand, the aril removal methods did not affect the seedlings emergence, with emergence percentages ranged from 88 to 94%.

Resumo As espécies de maracujá apresentam grande importância econômica, tanto para o consumo in natura, quanto para a indústria. A principal maneira de propagar essas espécies é por sementes; contudo, a presença de arilo e condições ambientais pode inibir a germinação. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se estudar o efeito de métodos de remoção do arilo e luminosidade na qualidade e germinação das sementes de Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa. Cinco métodos foram empregados para a remoção do arilo: (1) fricção em peneira de malha de aço por cinco minutos; (2) fricção com areia grossa em peneira de malha de aço por cinco minutos; (3) imersão em solução de cal a 10% (m/v), por 30 minutos; (4) fermentação da polpa em solução de açúcar a 10% (m/v), por 48 horas; e (5) fermentação natural da polpa, por cinco dias. As sementes foram submetidas ao teste de germinação no escuro e no claro, teste de comprimento de plântulas e teste de emergência. Independente do método de remoção do arilo, a porcentagem de germinação no claro apresentou-se menor em comparação ao escuro, com destaque para o tratamento de fermentação natural da polpa, o qual apresentou 86% de sementes germinadas. Por outro lado, os métodos de remoção do arilo não afetaram a emergência das plântulas, com porcentagem de emergência variando entre 88 a 94%.

Biological activity of Passiflora edulis f. Flavicarpa ethanolic leaves extract on human colonic adenocarcinoma cells

Studies of extracts and phytochemicals from Passiflora genus have shown promissory biological activity for cancerchemoprevention; thus, in this work, it was evaluated the anticancer potential of the ethanolic extract of Passifloraedulis f. Flavicarpa leaves over Caco-2 and SW480 colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. The effect of the extract oncell viability was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and its antiproliferativeactivity was assessed by clonogenic assays. In addition, by flow cytometry approaches, it was evaluated the apoptosisinducing effect and cell cycle regulation. In this way, it was established the half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50) of the extract over both cell lines and also, it was observed the inhibition of cellular proliferation after 48 hoursof exposure to the extract. On the other hand, we observed that the extract induced cell death-mechanisms, by theincreasing of the proportion of necrotic and apoptotic cells; furthermore, the extract altered the distribution of cellcycle phases by increasing SubG1 and G2/M populations. Altogether, these results suggest that P. edulis is a potentialsource of phytochemical compounds with anticancer properties for the management of colorectal cancer patients.

Identification of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitors from the Seeds of Passiflora edulis Cultivated in Vietnam

Soluble epoxide hydrolases (sEH) are enzymes present in all living organisms, metabolize epoxy fatty acids to 1,2-diols. sEH in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids plays a key role in inflammation. In addition, the endogenous lipid mediators in cardiovascular disease are also broken down to diols by the action of sEH that enhanced cardiovascular protection. In this study, sEH inhibitory guided fractionation led to the isolation of five phenolic compounds trans-resveratrol (1), trans-piceatannol (2), sulfuretin (3), (+)-balanophonin (4), and cassigarol E (5) from the ethanol extract of the seeds of Passiflora edulis Sims cultivated in Vietnam. The chemical structures of isolated compounds were determined by the interpretation of NMR spectral data, mass spectra, and comparison with data from the literature. The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitory activity of isolated compounds was evaluated. Among them, trans-piceatannol (2) showed the most potent inhibitory activity on sEH with an IC₅₀ value of 3.4 µM. This study marks the first time that sulfuretin (3) was isolated from Passiflora edulis as well as (+)-balanophonin (4), and cassigarol E (5) were isolated from Passiflora genus.

Molecular characterization of yellow passion fruit genotypes with different yield and disease resistance levels / Caracterização molecular de genótipos de maracujazeiro azedo com diferentes níveis de produtividade e resistência a doenças

Brazil is the largest passion fruit producer in the world. However, the yield is still considered low, and the cultivation of unsuitable varieties is one of the factors directly influencing this trait. As a consequence, breeding studies have been developed with the purpose of obtaining genetic materials with high yield, high fruit quality, and disease resistance. The objective of this study was to characterize and quantify the genetic variability in 18 genotypes of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) with different levels of yield and disease resistance, using RAPD markers. The RAPD markers were obtained from 10 decamer primers and converted into a matrix of binary data. Estimations of the genetic dissimilarities between different genotypes and cluster analysis were performed. A total of 58 markers were generated, 63.80% of which were polymorphic. The genetic distances among genotypes varied from 0.040 to 0.354 and genotypes were subdivided into at least 5 groups of similarity. The dispersion graphs showed a low clustering tendency for yield and resistance to different diseases (septoriosis, anthracnose, scab, bacterial spot, and passion fruit woodiness disease). These results demonstrate a high genetic variability among the evaluated genotypes, which is valuable information when selecting promising materials to be used per se or as parents in genetic breeding programs.

O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de maracujá. Entretanto, a produtividade ainda é considerada baixa e o cultivo de variedades inadequadas é um dos fatores que influenciam diretamente esta característica. Como consequência, trabalhos de melhoramento genético tem sido desenvolvidos com a finalidade de obter materiais genéticos com alta produtividade, qualidade de frutos e resistência a doenças. Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar e quantificar a variabilidade genética em 18 genótipos de maracujazeiro azedo (Passiflora edulis Sims) com diferentes níveis de produtividade e resistência a doenças, utilizando marcadores moleculares RAPD. Os marcadores RAPD, obtidos por meio de 10 iniciadores decâmeros, foram convertidos em uma matriz de dados binários. Estimativas de dissimilaridades genéticas entre os diferentes genótipos e análises de agrupamento foram realizadas. Um total de 58 marcadores foram gerados, dos quais 63,80% foram polimórficos. As distâncias genéticas entre os genótipos variaram de 0,040 a 0,354 e os genótipos foram subdivididas em pelo menos 5 grupos de similaridade. Os gráficos de dispersão mostraram uma baixa tendência de agrupamento para produtividade e resistência à septoriose, antracnose, verrugose, bacteriose e virose do endurecimento dos frutos. Estes resultados demonstram uma alta variabilidade genética entre os genótipos estudados, que é uma informação valiosa para a seleção de materiais promissores para serem utilizados per se ou como parentais em programas de melhoramento genético.

Características de silagens de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum) e casca de maracujá in natura / Characteristics of Pennisetum purpureum and passion-fruit-peel silages

Objetivou-se avaliar as características sensoriais, as perdas totais, o padrão fermentativo e a composição bromatológica de silagens contendo combinações de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum) com diferentes tempos de emurchecimento e casca de maracujá in natura (CM). Os tratamentos experimentais foram compostos por silagens confeccionadas com 100% de capim-elefante (CE); 100% de casca de maracujá; 75% CE/25% CM; 50%/CE 50% CM; 25% CE/75% CM, para cada tempo de emurchecimento do capim (zero; quatro; seis e oito horas), com três repetições. As silagens apresentaram coloração amarelada, odor levemente acre, exalando maracujá nos tratamentos contendo CM. Observou-se um aumento da perda total das silagens contendo casca de maracujá (0,09; 0,15; 1,01; 1,77 e 2,52kg de perdas para os tratamentos 100% CE; 75% CE/25% CM; 50% CE/50% CM; 25% CE/75% CM e 100% CM, respectivamente). O pH e o N-NH3 variaram de 3.58 a 4.63 e de 8.11 a 12.13, respectivamente. Tratamentos com CM reduziram os teores de MS, FDN e carboidratos totais e elevaram as concentrações de PB, NIDA, NIDN e carboidratos não fibrosos das silagens avaliadas. Mesmo com baixos níveis de MS, os tratamentos proporcionaram silagens de boa qualidade.(AU)

This study aimed at evaluating sensorial characteristics, total waste, fermentative profile, and chemical composition of Pennisetum purpureum (PP) and passion-fruit-peel (PFP) silages. Four PP dehydration times (0,4,6 and 8 hours) and five combinations of ingredients (100% PP; 100% PFP; 75% PP/25% PFP; 50% PP/50% PFP; 25% PP/75% PFP) were evaluated. The silages presented a yellowish color, a slightly acrid odor, and exhaled passion fruit scent in the treatments containing PFP. There was an increase in total waste of silages containing passion fruit peel (0.09, 0.15, 1.01, 1.77 and 2.52kg of waste for treatments 100% PP, 75% PP/25% PFP, 50% PP/50% PFP, 25% CE/75% CM and 100% CM, respectively). The pH and N-NH3 values ranged from 3.58 to 4.63 and 8.11 to 12.13, respectively. Mixtures containing PFP decreased the levels of DM and NDF and increased the levels of CP, NFC, ADIN and NDIN in the silages. Despite the reduced levels of DM, all treatments provided a good silage.(AU)

Physicochemical and sensory characterization of gluten-free fresh pasta with addition of passion fruit peel flour / Características físico-químicas e sensoriais de massa alimentícia fresca sem glúten com adição de farinha de casca de maracujá

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to develop a gluten-free fresh pasta formulation with addition of yellow passion fruit peel flour (PPF). A control formulation containing a mixture of rice flour and corn flour and formulations with 10 and 20% of PPF addition were produced. Sensory analysis, physicochemical characterization and technological properties were assessed. The PPF addition to gluten-free pasta increased cooking time, soluble solids loss and water absorption; it also modified the color of the formulations. The control formulation and the formulation containing 10% PPF had the best sensory parameters, leading to an acceptability index over 70%. The 10% PPF addition increased fiber (3.25%) and ashes (2.15%) content and also lowered percentage of carbohydrates (41.19%) and energy value (223.26 kcal/80g); content of proteins and lipids were similar between the formulations. Principal component analysis showed that the control formulation stands out due to its sensory properties while the formulation containing 10% PPF improved nutritional properties. Therefore, the increase in nutritional value of gluten-free fresh pasta due to the PPF addition can be considered an alternative to meet market demands for healthier food choices.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver massa alimentícia fresca sem glúten com adição de farinha de casca de maracujá amarelo (FCM). Uma formulação controle composta de uma mistura de farinha de arroz e farinha de milho, e formulações com adição de 10 e 20% de FCM foram produzidas. As amostras foram analisadas quanto às características sensoriais, físico-químicas e tecnológicas. A adição de FCM às formulações aumentou o tempo de cozimento, a perda de sólidos solúveis e a absorção de água, bem como, modificou os parâmetros de cor. As formulações que apresentaram melhores resultados, quanto aos atributos sensoriais, foram o controle e a que continha 10% de adição de FCM, que apresentaram índice de aceitabilidade acima de 70%. A adição de 10% de FCM aumentou o teor de fibras (3,25%) e cinzas (2,15%) e reduziu a porcentagem de carboidratos (41,19%) e o valor energético (223,26 kcal/80g), enquanto o teor de proteínas e lipídios foi semelhante entre formulações. A análise de componentes principais demonstrou que a amostra controle se destacou por suas propriedades sensoriais, enquanto a adição de 10% de FCM promoveu as propriedades nutricionais. Portanto, o aumento do valor nutricional da massa fresca sem glúten produzida com adição de FCM pode ser considerada uma alternativa para atender uma demanda crescente do mercado que busca escolhas alimentares mais saudáveis.

Production viability of passion fruit at high planting density in Jequitinhonha valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Viabilidade produtiva de maracujazeiro-amarelo com adensamento de plantio no vale do Jequitinhonha, MG

Passion fruit has faced many problems in productivity, supply, prices and quality of the fruit as a result of the inadequate management of the orchards and the low application of existing technology. Increased planting density may promote an increase in productivity and thus provide better income to the producer. In this sense, this experiment was performed to study the increase of planting density on productivity and on the quality of yellow passion fruit in Jequitinhonha Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The evaluated spacings between plants were 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 m. The spacing between the rows was three meters, which corresponded to 1,667, 1,111, 833, 667 and 556 plants ha-1, respectively. Production per plant, productivity, juice yield per hectare, transverse and longitudinal diameter, peel thickness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and the soluble solids /titratable acidity ratio of fruits were evaluated. Increasing the planting density to 1,667 plants per hectare promoted greater productivity. The densification did not affect the quality of the fruits.

O maracujazeiro vem enfrentando muitos problemas com relação à produtividade, oferta, preços e qualidade da fruta, em consequência do manejo inadequado dos pomares, com a aplicação de baixa tecnologia existente. O aumento da densidade de plantio pode promover aumento da produtividade e assim proporcionar melhor renda ao produtor. Neste sentido, o trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de estudar o aumento da densidade de plantio na produtividade e na qualidade de frutos de maracujazeiro-amarelo nas condições edafoclimáticas do Alto Vale do Jequitinhonha, MG. Os espaçamentos utilizados entre plantas foram de 2,0; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0 e 6,0 m. O espaçamento entre linhas foi de três metros, o que correspondeu a 1.667; 1.111; 833; 667 e 556 plantas ha-1. Foram avaliados: produção por planta, produtividade, rendimento de suco por hectare, diâmetros transversal e longitudinal, espessura de casca, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e ratio dos frutos. O aumento da densidade de plantio em 1.6667 plantas por hectare promove incremento da produtividade do maracujazeiro-amarelo. O adensamento não afeta a qualidade dos frutos.

Methods of aril removal and lightness conditions on seeds physiological quality of sour passion fruits

Abstract Passion fruits species presents a larger economic importance for in natura consumption and industry. The main way to propagate these species is by seeds; however, the aril presence and environmental conditions may inhibit the seeds germination. In this sense, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of aril removal methods and light conditions on P. edulis var. flavicarpa seeds quality and germination. There were used five methods to remove the seeds aril: (1) friction on steel mesh sieve for 5 minutes; (2) friction with coarse sand on steel mesh sieve for 5 minutes; (3) immersion in lime solution at 10% (w/v), for 30 minutes; (4) fermentation in sugar solution at 10% (w/v), during 48 hours; and (5) natural pulp fermentation, during five days. The seeds were submitted to germination test at darkness and lightness, as well as, to length seedlings and emergence test. Regardless the aril removal method, the germination percentage was lower at lightness than darkness highlighting the natural pulp fermentation treatment, which presented 86% of seeds germinated. On the other hand, the aril removal methods did not affect the seedlings emergence, with emergence percentages ranged from 88 to 94%.

Resumo As espécies de maracujá apresentam grande importância econômica, tanto para o consumo in natura, quanto para a indústria. A principal maneira de propagar essas espécies é por sementes; contudo, a presença de arilo e condições ambientais pode inibir a germinação. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se estudar o efeito de métodos de remoção do arilo e luminosidade na qualidade e germinação das sementes de Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa. Cinco métodos foram empregados para a remoção do arilo: (1) fricção em peneira de malha de aço por cinco minutos; (2) fricção com areia grossa em peneira de malha de aço por cinco minutos; (3) imersão em solução de cal a 10% (m/v), por 30 minutos; (4) fermentação da polpa em solução de açúcar a 10% (m/v), por 48 horas; e (5) fermentação natural da polpa, por cinco dias. As sementes foram submetidas ao teste de germinação no escuro e no claro, teste de comprimento de plântulas e teste de emergência. Independente do método de remoção do arilo, a porcentagem de germinação no claro apresentou-se menor em comparação ao escuro, com destaque para o tratamento de fermentação natural da polpa, o qual apresentou 86% de sementes germinadas. Por outro lado, os métodos de remoção do arilo não afetaram a emergência das plântulas, com porcentagem de emergência variando entre 88 a 94%.

Relatório da medição de pH e acidez da polpa e néctar de maracujá amarelo (Passiflora edulisflavicarpaDegener) e análise sensorial do néctar / Report of ph measurement and acidity of pulp and necar of yellow maracujá(passiflora edulis flavicarpadegener), and sensory analysis of néctar

Introdução: o maracujá é uma fruta cuja polpa pode ser utilizada na preparação de sucos, sorvetes, vinhos, licores ou doces. O estado de maturidade do vegetal, que é um dos fatores mais importante na qualidade do produto final e o pH da polpa e do néctar do maracujá amarelo, são, para o mercado, características fundamentais. Objetivo: analisar o pH da polpa e do néctar do maracujá amarelo, e realizar a análise sensorial do néctar do maracujá amarelo de uma Recebido em: 21/0652017 amostra selecionada. Método: as amostras foram higienizadas pri meiramente com detergente neutro sempre em contado com água corrente. Foram usados 20 ml de polpa de maracujá e diluído para que o phmetro pudesse identificar a medida de pH. A análise sensorial foi realizada apenas pela descrição das características sensoriais pelo grupo de alunos provadores. Resultados: a média do pH da polpa foi 4,28 e para o néctar, 3,8. A análise do ácido cítrico na polpa foi de 7,96% e no néctar. Os provadores, na porcentagem de 99% referiram que gostaram e comprariam a bebida caso disponível no mercado. Conclusão: observa-se então que o elevado pH para um produto na qual se visava a formulação do néctar teve ótimo aproveitamento. Contudo o pH ácido diminui a acidez do produto, deixando de certa forma um equilíbrio que infelizmente pode ser facilmente desfeito. Ambas as medições de pH da polpa e do néctar se mostraram elevadíssimo, já as medições de acidez por não ter um parâmetro legislativo para resguardar a quantidade máxima, considerou-se dentro dos padrões.

Introduction: passion fruit is a fruit whose pulp can be used in the preparation of juices, ice creams, wines, liqueurs or sweets. The state of maturity of the vegetable, which is one of the most important factors in the quality of the final product, and the pH of the yellow passion fruit pulp and nectar, are fundamental characteristics for the market. Objective: to observe the pH of the yellow passion fruit pulp and nectar, and to perform the sensory analysis of yellow passion fruit nectar from a selected sample. Method: firstly, samples were sanitized with neutral detergent always counted with running water. 20 ml of passion fruit pulp and diluted were used so that the phmetro could identify the pH measure. Sensory analysis was performed only by the description of the sensorial characteristics by the group of student tasters. Results: the mean pH of the pulp was 4.28 and for the nectar, 3.8. The citric acid analysis in the pulp was 7.96% and in the nectar. The tasters, in the percentage of 99% mentioned that they liked and would buy the drink if available in the market. Conclusion: It was observed that the high pH for a product in which the formulation of the nectar had a good use. However the acidic PH decreases the acidity of the product, leaving in a way a balance that unfortunately can be easily undone. Both measurements of pH of the pulp and nectar were very high, since the acidity measurements for not having a legislative parameter to protect the maximum quantity was considered within the standards.

Primer reporte de un begomovirus presente en maracuyá amarillo [Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa (Degener)] en Valle del Cauca, Colombia / First report of a begomovirus presents in yellow passionfruit [Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa (Degene)] in Valle del Cauca, Colombia

El maracuyá amarillo es un cultivo de importancia económica para el Valle del Cauca, pero en los últimos años ha presentado una reducción de hasta un 80% en la producción debido a problemas virales. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue detectar y caracterizar parcialmente begomovirus que podrían estar afectando los cultivos de maracuyá amarillo localizados en dos zonas productoras del Valle del Cauca (La Unión y Palmira). Se colectaron hojas de maracuyá con síntomas típicos de enfermedad viral, se purificó su DNA genómico y se detectó la presencia de begomovirus bipartitas mediante PCR empleando cebadores específicos para el componente A y B, respectivamente. Cinco fragmentos de DNA correspondientes al genoma geminiviral A y B, fueron clonados, secuenciados y analizados con herramientas bioinformáticas. Los resultados evidencian por primera vez en Colombia de la presencia de un begomovirus en maracuyá amarillo. El análisis de la secuencias de nucleótidos indica que este begomovirus está más relacionado con el virus del mosaico enano del frijol, un geminivirus que afecta frijol en Colombia, y no con el virus de la distorsión severa de la hoja de maracuyá, el cual se reportó afectando maracuyá amarillo en Brasil. A la fecha, este resultado constituiría el primer reporte de un begomovirus (perteneciente a la familia Geminiviridae) que afecta maracuyá amarillo en Colombia y que podría ser diferente de otros begomovirus previamente reportados a nivel mundial afectando este cultivo.

The yellow passion fruit is a crop of economic importance to the Valle del Cauca, but in recent years has been a reduction of up to 80% in production due to viral problems. The aim of this study was to detect and characterize partially begomovirus that could be affecting crops of yellow passionfruit located in two growing areas of the Valle del Cauca (La Union and Palmira). Passionfruit leaves with typical symptoms of viral disease were collected, purified genomic DNA and its bipartite begomovirus were detected by PCR using primers specific for component A and B, respectively. Five DNA fragments corresponding to geminiviral A and B genome were cloned, sequenced and analyzed with bioinformatics tools. The results show for the first time in Colombia the presence of a begomovirus in yellow passionfruit. The analysis of the nucleotide sequences indicates that this begomovirus is more related to bean BDMV, a geminivirus affecting beans in Colombia, not PSLDV, which was reported affecting yellow passionfruit in Brazil. To date, this result would be the first report of a begomovirus (belonging to the family Geminiviridae) affecting yellow passion fruit in Colombia, and that might be different from other begomovirus previously reported worldwide affecting this crop.

Effects of bark flour of Passiflora edulis on food intake, body weight and behavioral response of rats

ABSTRACT Effects of treatment with the bark flour of Passiflora edulis Sims, Passifloraceae, were evaluated. Adult male Wistar rats were treated for 30 days (130 mg/kg, p.o.) with the albedo flour, flavedo and full bark of P. edulis, corresponding to albedo associated with flavedo. Behavioral response observed after treatment with bark flour P. edulis showed sedative effects by the reduction of exploratory activity and increased duration of immobility in the open field test for the group of animals that received the albedo flour associated with the flavedo. Sedative effects were observed in the absence of motor incoordination or muscle relaxation. Food intake of experimental animals was not changed, but the weight gain was decreased both in animals that received only albedo flour, and in those who received the full bark flour. The full bark flour of Passiflora showed sedative effects, without anxiolytic effect detectable and muscle relaxation or motor incoordination, and reduces body weight gain.